Assimilation of Blacks in Song of Solomon, Push and Life of Olaudah Equ

Assimilation of Blacks in Song of Solomon, Push and The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano Our African American texts call for close examination of the status of strivers and subsequent generations of free Blacks, how they fit into American society, and their quest for and denial of the benefits of Americanism. So does one assimilate or gybe? But The Melting Pot Theory is not inclusive of Blacks since the process of assimilation could not work its magic on black skin. In the slave narrative, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, The African, the capture of Africans, their ultimate enslavement in the Americas, the West Indies, and Europe exemplify the assigned inferior status to Blacks in societies of the alien worlds. Blacks have less than their proportionate share of wealth, power, and social status, and are discriminated against by those in the majority. The yoke of slavery did not sanction inclusion, instead it twisty their status as immigrants or a colonise minority and that sentiment remained a constant. Equianos race and his life as a seafaring slave contract his opportunity of citizenship in a landed community consequently, he was neither immigrant or colonized. In fact, he was more displaced that ever, sailing under whatever ease off happened to be that of his owner/captain. In Song of Solomon and Push the characters are several generations removed from slavery so the question is not whether the position of Blacks is that of immigrant or colonized minority, even though it could appear to be either. More importantly, theirs is the problem of dealing with the ambiguities of being up from slavery, as the characters come into their own. The su... ...rally fixed neighborhoods, or sell discover by embracing the dominant culture and sometimes attempting full assimilation (although it is realized impossible) in order to advance ones career, and acquire better housing and/or education for ones children is ubiquitous. Total assimilation is not real for Black people, it never has been and it probably never will be and that is a sad commentary on the state of the country. Works Cited Equiano, Olaudah. The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudauh Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, The African. The Classic Slave Narratives. Ed. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. New York Penguin Group, 1987. McLemore, Dale S. Racial and Ethnic Relations in America. Boston Allyn and Bacon, 1991. Morrison, Toni. Song of Solomon. New York The Penguin Group, 1977. Sapphire. Push. New York Vintage Contemporaries, 1996.

Why Do Girls Cut? Essay -- Psychology

Why do people hurt themselves? In a journal article from the American Journal of Psychotherapy, Louise Ruberman notes that just about 2.1 million teens suffer from nonsuicidal self-injury, or NSSI. Young women in the midst of the ages of 14 and 18 years old take part in NSSI due to poor victimization of the relationship with their mothers, childhood abuse, and psychiatric dis browses. Although there are multiple ways of causing injury to oneself, cutting of the skin as a means of self-mutilation is give tongue to to be the most common (Ruberman 119). We will start out by examining the problems that occur during the relationship development between a mother and a fille at a young age.Gender role identity and body image are directly related to the relationship a young little girl has with her mother while she is growing up. During the young ages, a girl needs to feel accepted and positively identified by her mother in order to be happy with her femininity. Mothers play a very imp ortant role in helping young girls establish their self-esteem, because a young girls first role model is most often her mom (Daniluk & Usmiani 47). If this relationship somehow goes astray, the young girl may easily form a invalidating body image of herself. Behaviors of self abuse often occur right around the age of puberty, and the reaction to a negative self-esteem may essence in NSSI and cutting. According to Ruberman (120), girls who choose cutting as their means of self-injury are using their skin as a canvas to cut open and keep some control over their own body. This behavior is derived from the lack of control they feel they posses. Ruberman (120), states in her article that a mothers job is to nucleotide by her daughter as she grows from birth without interfering with her own fea... ...ans of communication when less intense strategies have failed, such as yelling or speaking. completely in all, the decision to take part in self-punishment is highly influenced by the behavior of others as we are growing up. Works CitedGlassman, L. H., Weierich, M. R., Hooley, J. M., Deliberto, T. L., & Nock, M. K. (2007). Childmaltreatment, non-suicidal self-injury, and the mediating role of self-criticism. doingsResearch & Therapy, 45(10), 2483-2490. doi10.1016/j.brat.2007.04.002.Ruberman, L. (2011). Girls who Cut Treatment in an outpatient psychodynamicpsychotherapy practice with adolescent girls and young adult women. AmericanJournal Of Psychotherapy, 65(2), 117-132.Usmiani, S., & Daniluk, J. (1997). Mothers and their adolescent daughters Relationship betweenself-esteem, gender role identity.. Journal Of Youth & Adolescence, 26(1), 45.

ADHD, Ritalin, Families, and Pharmaceutical Companies Essays -- Drug C

ADHD, Ritalin, Families, and Pharmaceutical CompaniesIn todays fast-paced society, it seems that prescription drugs atomic number 18 a more reasonable and reliable declaration for children and adults than diet and exercise for the disease known as ADHD. Rather than take the time to play with their children, or institute a proper diet, it seems that increasing numbers pool of parents would rather treat their childrens unexplained zest for life with pills and doctors. While there are some explanations and reasons for the diagnosis of this popular disease, most children are improperly diagnosed, and are therefore taking unneeded medication. This medication is costly and it can be argued those who benefit from the sale of these drugs most are the pharmaceutical companies who develop, advertise, and sell them. According to Goodman in The Journal of Special Education (1992) The most well known drug used to treat ADHD is Ritalin, which is a Class 2 drug, in the homogeneous category as c ocaine and morphine. Some of the side effects relate to lack of or increase appetite, lack of or increased sleep, and lack of growth. Because of the fair recent introduction of this drug to cure this disease, the social and psychological implications have not yet been seen. If this trend of cure before prevention continues, pharmaceutical companies pass on become ever richer at our childrens expense. Most people think that Attention Deficit overthrows are simply linked to children and their inability to concentrate, pay attention or sit still for long periods of time, but it can affect adults as well, making it hard to function at the work or in school. tidy sum also dismiss signs and symptoms of ADHD as misbehavior or lack of discipline by the parents. Ho... ... http//my.webmd.com/article/79/96235.htm (April 30 2006)3. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) 2006 Online Available http//nimh.nih.gov (May 3, 2006)4. Information for patients or their parents or caregivers Strattera (atomoxetine HCI) 2002. Eli Lily and Company. Online Available http//google.fda.gov (April 27, 2006)5. What Drug Companies Arent Telling You. 2006 (Online) Available http//www.aflcio.org/aboutaflcio/magazine/0503_bigfix.cfm (April 15, 2006)6.Concerta for ADHD 12/04 (Online) Availablehttp//www.adhdhelp.org/concerta.htm (May 10, 2006)

Blue Crush Film Review :: essays research papers

Striving for RespectThese waves are for the king-sized boysMy film review is on the moving-picture show Blue Crush for my topic Women competing with the men. The movie is directed by John Stockwell and is written by Lizzy Weiss. The basic for the movie is that the main character Anne Marie is a surfer trying to make it big and rifle sponsored. She has to earn the respect of her friends, herself and the respect of the men surfers who ride the pipeline. She has to overcome her fears and conquer her own limits. Anne Maries goal is to become a big wave surfer and to do that she needs to conquer her fears and overcome the critics who say a girl cant ride the big waves like the boys. Anne Marie has many obstacles to overcome through and through the movie. First she has to take care of her little sister Penny, second she has to make money to pay rent, and third then she has to work and train for the Pipe get the knack surf competition. Besides her obvious goals she has to earn the re spect of herself to surf with the guys. A quote from the movie is when a guy surfer Eden says to Anne MarieThese waves are for the big boys. (Blue Crush 2002)This shows that the men dont think she can compete on the same big waves as they do. At one point in the movie when she goes out to try and prove herself to the guys, they clear the wave so that she can take it. She hesitates and doesnt take the first couple waves. Her fear overcomes her and she looks light in the eyes of the guys. The fear of failure is the driving force in what holds her back in become a great surfer period. Its not retention her back just in the female surfing world but the male and female surfing world as a whole. A quick moment in the film is where she gets the nerve to test the big waves with the guys and before she goes out to the beach she runs into her ex-boyfriend. He obviously doesnt think she can hang with the guys and questions herDrew You really think you can surf it for real out there?Anne Mar ie Well, Drew, I dated you, I guess I can do anything. (Blue Crush 2002)This shows how she rises to the occasion in face of the guy telling her she cant do it.

The Health Benefits of Exercise Programming Essay -- Strength Training

Investigate the contemporary body of knowledge that underpins the current recommendations for exercise programming in the involvement of improved health.Pate et al. (1995) stated that personal activity is needed for health promotion and disease prevention. They also stated that every adult should do at least 30 minutes of moderate intensity exercise everyday if possible. Moderate intensity exercising includes activities such as brisk walking and pass as stated by the Department of Health (2011). They also state that regular physical activity will improve a persons mental health as it will growth self esteem and reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety. Physical wellbeing is also enhanced by an increase in physical activity. The foundation Health Organisation (WHO) (2002) found that in developed countries 20% of heart disease and 10% of strokes ar due to physical inactivity. Furthermore a lack of physical activity is found to cause 3% of all diseases. Kerr (2012) states that th ere are 3 main types of exercise which are aerobic, strength/resistance training and flexibility exercises. Aerobic exercises will help keep the heart, lungs and brawninesss healthy, and when paired with a healthy diet will aid in weight loss. Appropriate resistance training will help to improve strength, posture and balance as well as causing the participants body to look more toned. Also the build up of massiveness will aid with weight loss as at rest muscle burns more calories than inactive tissue. These exercises should be done two or three times a week. Flexibility exercises are important because if a muscle isnt stretched then overtime it will shorten and become less elastic. Therefore joint mobility will decrease and the likelihood of injuries to muscl... ...ll, B, Willett, W, Manson, J, Leitzmann, M, Stampfer, M, Hunter, D, & Colditz, G (2001), Physical activity and fatality rate a prospective study among women, American Journal Of Public Health, 91, 4, pp. 578-583The Am erican College of Sports Medicine. (2014) ACSM Issues New Recommendations on Quantity and Quality of Exercise. Online Available from http//acsm.org/about-acsm/media-room/news-releases/2011/08/01/acsm-issues-new-recommendations-on-quantity-and-quality-of-exercise accessed 19 May 2014World Health Organisation. (2002) The world health report 2002 - Reducing Risks, Promoting Healthy Life. Online Available from http//www.who.int/whr/2002/en/whr02_en.pdf?ua=1 accessed 19 May 2014Yung,, L.M., Laher, I., Chen, Z.Y., Huang, Y. and Leaung , F.P. (2009) Exercise, Vascular Wall and Cardiovascular Diseases. Sports Medicine. Vol. 39, nary(prenominal) 1 45-63

The Health Benefits of Exercise Programming Essay -- Strength Training

Investigate the contemporary body of knowledge that underpins the current recommendations for turn programming in the pursuit of modifyd health.Pate et al. (1995) stated that physical activity is needed for health promotion and disease prevention. They overly stated that any adult should do at least 30 minutes of moderate intensity exercise everyday if possible. Moderate intensity exercising includes activities such as brisk walking and cycling as stated by the Department of Health (2011). They also state that regular physical activity will improve a persons mental health as it will increase self esteem and reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety. Physical wellbeing is also enhanced by an increase in physical activity. The World Health Organisation (WHO) (2002) found that in developed countries 20% of heart disease and 10% of strokes ar due to physical inactivity. Furthermore a lack of physical activity is found to cause 3% of all diseases. Kerr (2012) states that there are 3 main types of exercise which are aerobic, strength/resistance training and flexibility exercises. Aerobic exercises will help keep the heart, lungs and muscles healthy, and when paired with a healthy pabulum will aid in weight loss. Appropriate resistance training will help to improve strength, posture and balance as well as causing the participants body to look more toned. Also the build up of muscle will aid with weight loss as at rest muscle burns more calories than inactive tissue. These exercises should be done two or three times a week. Flexibility exercises are important because if a muscle isnt stretched then overtime it will shorten and become less elastic. Therefore joint mobility will decrease and the likeliness of injuries to muscl... ...ll, B, Willett, W, Manson, J, Leitzmann, M, Stampfer, M, Hunter, D, & Colditz, G (2001), Physical activity and mortality a prospective study among women, American Journal Of Public Health, 91, 4, pp. 578-583The American College of Spo rts Medicine. (2014) ACSM Issues New Recommendations on Quantity and Quality of Exercise. Online forthcoming from http//acsm.org/about-acsm/media-room/news-releases/2011/08/01/acsm-issues-new-recommendations-on-quantity-and-quality-of-exercise accessed 19 May 2014World Health Organisation. (2002) The world health report 2002 - Reducing Risks, Promoting Healthy Life. Online Available from http//www.who.int/whr/2002/en/whr02_en.pdf?ua=1 accessed 19 May 2014Yung,, L.M., Laher, I., Chen, Z.Y., Huang, Y. and Leaung , F.P. (2009) Exercise, vascular Wall and Cardiovascular Diseases. Sports Medicine. Vol. 39, No. 1 45-63

Compare how each writer uses language to present his views of London Essay

For military many centuries London has been a vast, complex place. Many brace described it as the capital of the world, however there are many different views. Some would agree that London is a wonderful place where e actuallyone lives in happiness and relaxation whereas other would point out that those kind of people are delirious and that it is the dirtiest most corrupt place in England. Two much(prenominal) views were expressed by two poets William Wordsworth in his poem named Composed upon Westminster Bridge, 3rd September 1802 and the more political writer William Blake with his poem entitled London. The questions is, Do both poets usance language effectively to express their contradictory opinions on London?One difference between the two poems is the way each uses enjambrement. Blakes poem has short, bouncy lines perhaps to indicate a kind of overall lethargy among the people while Wordsworths poem has long lines which flow into each other to create a smooth and relaxed mood possibly also to symbolise how he viewed the river of London.One of the interesting aspects of Wordsworths and Blakes poems is their separate ways of describing the river, Wordsworth thinks of it as gliding at his own sweet give whereas Blake refers to it as the Charterd Thames. Wordsworth sees the river as free and sweet. By using his, he is personifying the river as if it has a choice. He enhances this by using own sweet will. Blake calls it Chartered, indicating the complete opposite of Wordsworths opinion. Chartered means organised and generally bent to mans will and this is how Blake sees it. He further develops his opinion by calling it the Thames, calling it by its man made name. Blake sees the river as being twisted by man and disliked because of that.Blake and Wordsworth set two very different scenes, Wordsworth uses phrases such as bright and glistening in the smokeless air and The beauty of the morning silent, stripped to set a scene of calm glistening beauty, to set a scene of a kind of fairy-tale wonderland. Wordsworth shows the reader how the surroundings make him feel by commenting Neer I saw, never felt, a calm so deep this gives a further direct calming effect on the reader. Blake, on the other hand, uses the word streets twice in place setting with midnight and Charterd. His repetition on the word streets is to insinuate that there are streets upon streets, creating a dull sameness to everything, his repetition on Charterd strengthens his view of un subjectiveness in London.An intriguing observation is that both poets talk of glamorous and gracious buildings, but the context they are mentioned in changes their whole meaning. Wordsworth describes them as being Open unto the fields and to the sky indicating a certain freeness and naturalness, he is saying that buildings can be natural if natural is synonymous with honorable, as Blakes man made is synonymous with bad. Blake uses Palace with blood and Church with blackning, he is indic ating that the people of the Church have gone against its morals and the people of the Palace are sending soldiers to their death for unworthy reasons.Blake and Wordsworth set two very different scenes, Wordsworth uses phrases such as bright and glistening in the smokeless air and The beauty of the morning silent, bare to set a scene of calm glistening beauty, to set a scene of a kind of fairy-tale wonderland. Wordsworth shows the reader how the surroundings make him feel by commenting Neer I saw, never felt, a calm so deep this gives a further direct calming effect on the reader. Blake, on the other hand, uses the word streets twice in context with midnight and Charterd. His repetition on the word streets is to insinuate that there are streets upon streets, creating a monotonous sameness to everything, his repetition on Charterd strengthens his view of unnaturalness in London.Both writers enhance their scenery by hinting at colours to set a more vivid picture. Blood, midnight, blac kning, are all lecture used by Blake, suggestions of the colour red and black which create a gloomy surrounding. Red (blood) as in anger and black to suggest darkness, ruefulness and endlessness. Wordsworth suggests colour with a more subtle method using Never did the solarise more beautifully steep he hints at gold and blind white colours, and also at cool shade coming from the buildings.Wordsworths poesy scheme is planned out as a love sonnet (a b b a a b b a c d c d c d), whereas Blake repetitive and simple rhyme scheme ( a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b). Wordsworth rhyme scheme is writing a love sonnet about London whereas Blakes rhyme scheme evokes a boring repetitiveness yet again synonymous with how Blake views London.The final difference mentioned in this essay is that whereby Blake mentions quite a few different groups of people such as Harlot, Soldier, Chimney Sweep, Infant all unfortunate groups bar the infant which is mentioned in an unfortunate context repetit ively Wordsworth mentions no people but instead personifies the river (The river glideth at his own sweet will), the city (This city now doth like a garment wear, The very houses seem asleep) and the sun (In his first Splendour). Wordsworth, whilst making it evident that there is no one around but himself, is saying the city, the river and the sun are all entities of which he has just met and thinks highly of them.In conclusion, both poets are high-quality writers who know how to use language effectively to enhance their views. Although Blake is a deeper, darker and more political writer and his poem seems to be the better of the two, Wordsworth poem does have complexity going to a slightly deeper level than Blakes but it seems naif and idealistic. Blake uses simple rhyme schemes and repetition to develop his opinion but Wordsworth uses a more complex rhyme scheme whilst subtly personifying parts of the city. With that said, both artists were good at what they did and both can use language to successfully articulate their attitudes toward London.

Alternative Automobiles: The Electric Cars

As time approaches the 21st century, the automobile has become our major source of mass transportation. Everything most our culture and society has captureed around this necessary form of travel. However, along with this necessity comes the issue of pollution to the environment. These great gasoline powered vehicles have contributed greatly to the impurity of our environment. The devil prominent alternative fueled vehicles yet brought up are the Electric car (EV) and the Hybrid electric car (HEV).The ultimate clean, cost-effective car is the EV, a vehicle powered by an electrical motor, which is powered by batteries and controlled by an on-board computer. But at that place are questions about the mid-term viability of EV vehicles. This is out-of-pocket to unresolved technical issues of on-board energy storage capacity, high vehicle cost, and infrastructure limitations (e. g. , lack of public charging stations, repair/replacement facilities, and battery recycling centers). HEV v ehicles are about as clean as the EVs and have vehicle performance comparable to that of todays standard internal combustion engine vehicles.More important, such performance appears to be available in the mid-term future (e. g. , 2002), and therefore represents a practical, technically achievable alternative approach. Some suggest we develop both the EVs and HEVs in parallel, because many of the technical advancements can be shared and because either or both will be needed to achieve efficiency and clean air goals. Unlike EV or the HEV vehicles, motor vehicles generate more air pollution than any new(prenominal) human made machine. This air pollution, or toxic mixture of chemicals released by motor vehicles, is recognized as a major health hazard.According to the American Lung Association, this air pollution kills between 60,000 and 120,000 people in the United States each year and costs $93 billion dollars in medical bills. Some of these air-polluting nursery gases that are emit ted or attributed to gasoline powered vehicles are chlorofluoro one C (CFCs), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4), and the precursors to tropospheric ozone hydrocarbons (HC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). These gasoline-powered vehicles are also a major source of carbon monoxide (CO).CFCs are the most potent greenhouse gases on a per-unit mass basis. They now contribute nearly 24 percent of the full global warming effect. While incremental improvements can be made in standard vehicles, regulators and auto makers have defined at least two new vehicle classes that may provide a step-wise improvement in emissions. These are the Electric Vehicle and the Hybrid Electric Vehicle. Unlike an EV, an HEV utilizes the intermittent work of a small engine to assist a typically battery-powered electric propulsion system. The electric motor propels the front wheels at low speeds.At higher speeds the internal combustion engine takes everyplace. When the engine drives the vehicl e, it automatically charges the batteries used for the electric motor, therefore making the battery pack a lot smaller. EV and HEV vehicles are a lot more beneficial to the environment than internal combustion engines. The EV vehicles have a zero tailpipe emission. Another major worry of motor vehicles is its unsafe nature after its life dies out. Automobile junkyards, which litter the American landscape, contain thousands upon thousands of old broken up cars.From such junkyards are the problem of oil, lead, and battery acids, which enter the ground. However the lead in the batteries of electric vehicles is in a very stable form, unlike the trace amounts of lead in however unleaded gasoline and since electric vehicles do not contain oil or chlorofluorocarbons, they do not risk contaminating the area. Noise is also an expediency of getting an electric vehicle. Because motor vehicles have combustion motors, they tend to be loud and obnoxious. On the other hand, EV vehicles do not have a combustion engine thus, they are noticeably quieter.Because the electric vehicle motors are also more efficient compared to motor vehicles, they are expected to last over a million miles compared to the motor vehicles one hundred thousand miles. Initially, HEV vehicles are not expected to compete directly with standard vehicles on performance totally (e. g. , acceleration and range), but they are expected to offer benefits that a standard vehicle does not offer. Compared to todays standard vehicles, HEV vehicle will reduce local/regional pollution, by means of increased vehicle mileage, (two times per gallon of fuel) , lower emissions per vehicle mile traveled.Propulsion systems that can be cycled off during stop-and-go driving, producing no emissions, fuels or fuel systems with reduced fuel evaporation and refueling losses. As with any new technology, there are obstructions to its ready acceptance by consumers. Initially there may be resistance to the vehicles higher price and slightly reduced performance. Rugged and durable systems will be needed to provide credibility to a claim of long life with low emissions.

Ecology: Petroleum and Caspian Sea

People from ancient times has an impact on the environment. As a result, this versatile centuries of human activity has left a deep mark on modern soil and vegetation, air and drinking ( pissing) environment and wildlife. Man depletes non-renewable born(p) resources and threatens the production of those items that could be renewed. It changes the nature of the environment, upon which his physical and affable existence as biologic and social phenomenon. Environmental pollution is becoming more acute, alarming.Barbarous, destructive attitude of the central departments of natural resources of Kazakhstan led 70-90. To the environmental crisis in the country, take in some regions of the catastrophic nature. One of the toughest environmental problems is the radioactive defilement of the territory of Kazakhstan. Nuclear tests conducted since 1949 at the Semipalatinsk test site resulted in defilement of vast territories in central and eastern Kazakhstan. The country has had five landfil ls, where nuclear tests were conducted in the vicinity of its borders is a Chinese Lop Nor test site. Radiation reach in Kazakhstan increased as a result of the formation of ozone holes in spacecraft launch from the Baikonur.Huge challenge for Kazakhstan of the radioactive waste. Thus, UMP Factory has amassed intimately 100,000 tons of waste contaminated with uranium, thorium, and waste storage facility located in the city of Ust-Kamenogorsk. In Kazakhstan there are only 3 secretaire for nuclear waste and they are all located in the aquifer. That seriousness of the problem of radioactive contamination has led to one of the first laws of sovereign Kazakhstan was the govern of 30. 08. 1991, the banning of tests at the Semipalatinsk test site. One of the most serious environmental problems of Kazakhstan became the depletion of water system resources.Increased consumption of fresh water, primarily for irrigated agriculture led to salinization and depletion of natural water sources. Particularly disastrous was the shallowing of the Aral Sea due to ir sensible use of water Amu Darya and Syr Darya. The sea take dropped by 13 meters, who uncovered the seabed turned into a salt desert. The annual dust storms spread the salt on the vast territory of Eurasia. The decrease mirrors the sea has led to a change in wind direction and climatic characteristics of the region.A similar situation exists in Lake Balkhash, the level of which is 10-15 years fell by 2. -3 meters. At the same time, the rise of the Caspian Sea, caused by ill-conceived decision stripping the Gulf of Kara-Bogazgol. Already flooded huge areas of coastal grazing areas and promising oil-bearing areas. Zyryanovsk lead and Leninogorsk polymetallic complexes have led to contamination of the Irtysh. Alarming environmental situation prevailing in the valley of the rivers Ili and the Urals. In the critical condition of the land resources of Kazakhstan, depleted fertile arable land, pasture becomes desert. r est a serious problem of air pollution, especially in large industrial centers.National priority in the Strategy 2030 RK include environmental safety, rational use of natural resources, environmental well-being of citizens and some of the problems of social environmental science. Reaction to the first environmental crises and catastrophes was expressed in the Environment Act of 1997. The problem of ecology and conservation is rational and planned use of natural resources, protect the environment from pollution is a planned system of state control, international and in the public eye(predicate) events aimed at the rational use, protection and restoration of natural resources, the satisfaction of material and cultural needs of future generations.National environmental issues Zones of ecological disaster in the land of Kazakhstan to continue to be the Aral Sea and Semipalatinsk regions, where there have been destroying the natural ecological systems, degradation of flora and fauna, due to unfavorable environmental conditions caused substantial harm to public health. Currently, the regions adjacent to the former Semipalatinsk test site (85 settlements with a population of almost 72 thousand people), there is a high level of cancer relative incidence and mortality, cardiovascular diseases, congenital malformations among newborns and the effects of premature aging.In the Aral Sea ecological disaster zone (178 settlements with a population of 186 thousand people) has a high level of gastrointestinal diseases and anemia, especially among women and children, infant mortality and birth defects. Depletion and pollution of water resources, and TZ problems associated with intensive development of resources of the Caspian Sea. Kazakhstan belongs to the category of countries with a large deficit of water resources. Currently, water bodies are polluted heavily in mining, metallurgical and chemical industries, utilities and cities represent a real environmental threat.Of the rivers of southern Kazakhstan the most polluted Badam and Talas. In Badam pink-slipped wastewater Shymkent Oil-GIRO industrial complex in Talas waste water of sugar and alcohol plants. Near Taraz sewage plant primary processing of wool, leather and habilitate factory and other enterprises polluted Talas Assinskoe field of groundwater, which is the only source of water supply the city of Taraz. Continuing pollution channel Talas-Asse and surrounding areas from sewage Taraz morning star plant.Wastewater Karaganda synthetic rubber plant, mercury-containing contaminated river Nura and Nurinskoe reservoir. Mercury-contaminated stream, and the Nura River, used for water supply and livestock watering. Water pollution has reached such proportions that in the basins of several rivers breached natural biological and hydro chemical regimes. Severe pollution are Syr Darya, Lake Balkhash, etc. The main pollutants of water sources are ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy, petroleum and chem ical industries, waste water which significantly increases the water content of harmful substances.Transboundary environmental problems pose a real external threat to the ecological security of the country, a decision which is provided with modern actions of neighboring states in the framework of international treaties. In early 2003, Kazakhstan joined the Bazilskoy Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their disposal, which allowed to establish new customs regulations on the declaration of unsteady wastes and prevent their subsequent flow into the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan under the guise of recycled materials and products.

Examining the Consequences of School Bullying and Provocation

BULLYING A Research Paper Presented To Prof. Ma. Victoria R. Protacio City University of Pasay (CUP) In incomplete Fulfillment Of the Requirements For English II Submitted by Ailyn Catolico BPG 1-1 March 4, 2013 Table of Contents Pages I. Acknow guidegment 1 II. Introduction 2 III. Body A. The Problem and its desktop 4 * Statement of the Problem/Objectives 4 * How does it shine the teaching of the teachers in the future 6 * why is it the topic important 6 * Implication for Future article of belief 7 * What led them to this look for 7B. Compilation of Philippine Laws on contain and Punishment of Children 9 * The 1987 typography of the Republic of the Philippines 9 * Rights of the incriminate 9 * woo Order for Disciplinary Measures 9 C. Methodology 10 D. Related Literature 11 * local anesthetic Literature 11 * Foreign Literature 12 IV. finis 13 V. Definition of terms 15 VI. Reference/Bibliography AcknowledgementThe searchers wishes to express their deepest gratitude to the particular(prenominal) state who obligate extended their assistance for the success of this contend a management The Almighty God, who is the source of life and strength of knowledge and wisdom. To the fel utter classmates, for sharing their knowledge and intellect in succoring the researchers in the construction of the project and for their h singlest apprehension, encouragement, patient and guidance and whose expertise and knowledge were generously shargond. To the beloved p argonnts and guardians for untiring love and support. The ennoble and Savior Jesus Christ, this piece of browse was heartily offered.Introduction The let of this research was to determine the b all in allyrag and make of it in classroom. Although it is not al shipway obvious, students be bullied as early as unsubdivided aim. Instances of ballyrag make take mystify in civilise, during after- tutor programs, on the school bus, and in neighborhoods. This research concentrate ones on the natu ral event of strong-arm in classroom. It in addition focuses on ways to aid students cope with the incidents of strong-arm. The impact of determent and victimization is assessed by taking into account the relative buffering offspring of a despotic relationship with one or some(prenominal) parents.Internalizing symptoms such as withdrawn miens, somatic complaints, and anxiety and depression. browbeat an separate(prenominal)(prenominal)s directly by hitting, threatening, or calling names is not a signifi cornerstonet forecaster the poor mental and somatic health of youngsters, whereas indirect hooding (spreading rumors or not public lecture to someone on purpose) does squarely predict anxiety and depression, as well as withdrawn behaviors. The negative impact of victimization and blustery is buffered by youngsters positive relationship with one or some(prenominal) parents.Recommendations are provided with wishing to possible intervention strategies infralying the im portance of distinguishing betwixt several(predicate) forms of hoodluming and victimization and providing companionable support in each different case. Unfortunately, hectoring is an required part of life for tikeren, notwithstanding what it is the best way to deal with browbeat so that both the bully and the victim give notice grow from the experience and bring forth better people? Before this question can be answered, it is important to explore both aspect bear on with bullying.Specifically, we indigence to look at e genuinelything that bullies do, the way it appropriates both the victim and the bully, and exactly how much bullying currently occurs in schools. intimidate is very frequent and since the beginning of time it has plagued schools all over the human being. It is a major issue in todays world and is well-worthy of discussion. Most of the time when people think of bullying button on in schools, one generic send off comes to mind a big, scary boy coming a unyielding to a younger, punier child and saying, Give me your lunch money dork thus the bully proceeds to turn the victim upside down to asinine his pockets for lunch money. However, bullying is not always that simple, and there does not necessarily enquire to be physical forcefulness involved in order for something to be considered bullying. The Problem and its Background Statement of the Problem/Objectives There are different types of bullies that are normal in schools today physical bullies, oral bullies, and relational bullies. material bullies are nevertheless what they sound bid, physical.These types of bullies tend to hit, kick, punch, shove, or use both other type of physical exertion of energy towards other. Verbal bullies are the types of bullies that use harsh terminology such as name-calling, insults, racial comments, or comments around another students physical appearance in order to degrade their victim. Verbal bullying is the roughly commonly reported t ype of bullying. Finally, relational bullies testament act by singling out their victim from their peer group. This is to the highest degreely through with(p) by the bully using verbal threats or spreading undesirable rumors almost their victims.While these types of bullying are not necessarily the stereotypical pictures that come to mind when thinking well-nigh bullies, they are all very serious and can maybe scram some serious detrimental effects on both parties involved. This research was to check out the impact of physical, verbal and well-disposed bullying in school, thereby improving the knowledge base and insight of counselors who bleed with victims of bullying. The study was feasible, as it was within the fiscal and practical mean of the researcher. This quantitative study endeavored to answer the side by side(p) research question * What is the impact of bullying in the students? Is bullying in school a normal part of life? * Do the independent variables percepti ons of school modality variables and school membership (the school a student attends) have a significant relationship with the students reporting being involved in bullying at all, whether as a bully or as a victim? The paradox of bullying at school is a complex occupation that emerges from social, physical, institutional and community contexts, as well as the individual characteristics of the students who are bullied and victimized (Swearer & skirt (2001)).A reusable framework for extrapolateing bullying is Bronfenbrenners bionomic system theory (1979 1993). When the ecologic perspective is applied to bullying, a bullying interaction occurs not only because of individual characteristics of the child who is bullying, merely as well because of actions of peers, teachers and school staff, and physical characteristics of the school environment. How students perceive all these factors will be referred to as school climate in thus study. Families, cultural factors, and even com munity factors also play a role in the happening of the bullying interaction.The bionomic system theory, as conceptualized by Bronfenbrenner, has been utilise to study complex behaviors of children and adolescents. Bronfenbrenners ecological system theory is a useful framework in this study for several reasonablenesss. This ecological system theory takes into account that the student is not only acted upon by the environment. The student is both active and defendive. Strength of framing this study using Bronfenbrenners ecological theory is that it takes into account not just the environment, merely students perceptions of the environment.This is important, because it accounts for why two students in similar environments may exhibit wildly different behaviors (Thomas, 1996). In summary, bullying is best conceptualized as immanent factors in the student interacting with the social environment, which thence serves to reinforce bullying and/or victimization behaviors. bullying i s a serious chore that can dramatically affect the ability of students to progress academically and socially. A comprehensive intervention plan that involves all students, parents, and school staff is required to ensure that all students can rent in a impregnable and fear-free environment.How does it affect the teaching of the teachers, and how will it affect the teaching of the teachers in the future? One of core beliefs as students is that students ingest a safe, comfortable environment in order for learning to occur. The researcher timbres that if students are being bullied in school and in school-related points, then their attention is not focussed primarily on learning it is divided between academics and concern roughly negative social situations that are associated with schools.In order to create a safe environment where the students can thrive as learners, they have decided to inquire into a phenomenon that oft precludes students from palmy bullying. It is their hop e and intention that by learning more(prenominal)(prenominal) about the phenomenon of school bullying, they can take measures to rule out bullying in schools. These preventative measures include facts of life positive attitudes and empathy in schools to reduce the occurrence of bullying that the students scene and teach those act strategies with which they feel comfortable using when they are bullied.Why is it the topic important? In the past, bullying was considered a part of growing up now, psychologists are warning parents and teachers that bullying is a problem that could result in serious consequences for victims and bullies alike. One reason that bullying is a problem in schools is because people have not changed their thinking from that of the past which bullying is simply a part of growing up, and kids need to learn to deal with it. They want you to believe that if cognitions about bullying were changed, the occurrence of bullying would decrease.They would agree If s tudents attend schools in which bullying behaviors are accepted by adults and peers, it is plausible that they will engage in more of these behaviors. The reversion would likewise be true if students attend a school where bullying is not accepted, then it is possible that there will be fewer occurrence of bullying in that school over time. Implication for Future indoctrinateing From this research, they want you to lettered several things about the practice as students.They want you have a good communication between home and school so that parents and teachers understand your beliefs as students and that they feel the schools should be a safe environment in which you can learn. This way, you will feel comfortable sharing your feelings with us and to your parents and teachers, and you will model vainglorious compliments and have your practice giving compliments to your parents in order to help facilitate more frequent use of the compliment and proposal study. You can also try us ing other activities in the meetings to help the students understand the different aspects of the bullying problem.You can use role play scenarios to give the students the fortune to practice their responses to bullying situations and to help them understand how it feels to be in the shoes of everyone involved in a bullying situation. They also want you to realize that no matter what school levels we are, it will be important to anticipate these issues as well as other issues such as general community-building and character grooming in order to guide the students to appropriate social behaviors. What led them to this research?They have been implicated in bullying since they heard it in news. They were originally interested in how teachers and school staff helped children to cope with and understand the effects of bullying in schools. In their research for this, they found that many a(prenominal) teachers were using similar strategies for contend with bullying. Their interest n arrowed down to bullying in schools. The more they earned about bullying, the more interested in it they became because bullying is so embedded in our society that many adults and children do not recognize its many forms.Manifestations of bullying are overt as well as covert. The physical bullying and verbal harassment are considered overt forms of bullying, but bullying also includes covert behaviors such as spreading rumors and social exclusion. At the end of their secondary school, they submitted an honors dissertation proposal indicating research topic for senior honors thesis for the mellow School. They continued to do more research and read books and articles about the topic of bullying. The literature enkindles that bullying is a salient problem in the country, ven in elementary school, and it can have negative effects later in life. According to the article Bullying Facts for schools and parents, bullying is the most common form of madness in our society (Cohn & Canter, 2 003, p. 1). Although bullying has negative consequences for everyone involved in a bullying situation, Banks article Bullying in schools states that there is a strong correlation between bullying during school years and having criminal or legal problems in adulthood (1997).As a people who were educated in the Philippines, they can attest to having different types of bullying experiences throughout school, and they believe that most people would admit to experiencing a bullying situation at some point in their life. Considering their position as a secondary high school for the entire year, they realized that not only did they need to think of ways to help children cope with bullying situations in their own lives they needed to also consider ways to prevent it from occurring.After some thinking, they decided that if they could hear a way to foster empathy in schools, then the students would feel compassionate toward victims of bullying and come to their aid, as well as not want to bu lly someone because they can imagine what it essential be like to be in that persons shoes. Compilation of Philippine Laws on Discipline and Punishment of Children THE 1987 CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILLIPINES The 1987 Constitution of the Philippines (Constitution) is the supreme write law in the country and it serves as the basic framework for any act or rule of any branch or agency of the government activity.All laws must comply with its provisions, otherwise it will be declared as void. Hence, it is necessary to refer to the Constitution and examine how it views the development of children in the context of the family and educational institutions. Rights of the Accused The Bill of Rights ( term III, Constitution) enshrines the rights of any person, including children in conflict with the law, under investigation for the commission of an offense. Article III, divide 12 specifically prohibits the following 2. No torture, force, violence, threat, intimidations, or any other means hich vitiate the free will shall be used against any person under investigation for the commission of an offense. Secret detention places, solitary, incommunicado, or other similar forms of detention are prohibited. Court Order for Disciplinary Measures As a means of assisting parents in imposing direct on a child, Article 223 provides that parents or, in their absence or incapacity, the individual, entity or institution exercising paternal authority, may turn on a petition onward the proper court of the place where the child resides, for an order providing for disciplinary measures over the child.The article also provides that the child shall be empower to the assistance of counsel, either of his choice or appointed by the court, and a summary hearing shall be conducted wherein the petitioner and the child shall be heard. The court is reliable to adopt such other measures as it may carry just and proper, including the commitment of the child childrens homes duly accredited by the proper government agency. Related Literature Upon researching the bullying and how it has become a common issue in schools today, the following literature was found through the search.To address the issue of bullying, the interventions and roles of school counselors need to be considered. In order for this to be done, a clear understanding of how prevalent bullying is, the intervention strategies used, and the roles that school counselors play in this rattling(a) act needs to be addressed. Local Literature In 2001, the United Nations General Assembly, upon the request of the Committee on the Rights of the Child, called for the conduct of an in-depth study on violence against children through a resolution.The study seeks to provide an in-depth global picture of violence against children as well as propose clear recommendations for the improvement of legislation, policy, and programmed relating to the prevention of and responses to violence against children. Save the Children UK in the Philippines was greatly involved in the research initiatives of the Alliance on the physical and emotional punishment of children through its Research on the Physical and Emotional Punishment of Filipino Children, which was conducted in Cebu City in the Visayas and in Caloocan City in Metro Manila.The research provides information on (1) What children think about physical punishment (2) The types of punishment inflicted on children (3) The context of punishment (settings such as homes, schools, streets, institutions, and juvenile justice) (4) Who punishes children and why (5) What adults think about physical punishment and discipline and (6) Local means of non-violent conflict resolution, which can be used in programme interventions and advocacy (Save the Children UK, 2006).According to the National Parent Teacher Association (2000) research has shown that effectively engaging parents and families in the education of their children has the potential to be fa raway more transformational than any other type of educational reform. Foreign Literature In October 2004, harmonize to Helen Phillips, San Diego, the age at which kids first fall victim to bullying could influence how strongly they are affected, suggests a new study. And, surprisingly, it is not the youngest kids who are hurt the most in the long term.Bullying can have long-lasting effects, but particularly when it begins in adolescence, the researchers say. People subjected to either verbal or physical bullying are cognize to be at greater risk for develop depression, anxiety disorders or to behave violently. But not everyone reacts in this way. Children bullied for the first time before they hit puberty attend to get over it, but those are victimized for the first time late on in puberty seem to become more aggressive or are more likely to turn to drink as a means of coping. Much research has been addicted to the subject of parental involvement and how it affects the lives of children.Major legislation such as the Goals 2000, the Educate American Act and the reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Act (ESEA) have made parental involvement a national priority (Kyle, McIntyre, Miller, & Moore 2002). Methodology This research will address a problem that facing children of all ages this serious issue is bullying. The problem of bullying in schools is an important issue that needs to be further addressed. The specific aspects of bullying that need to be further studied are what causes bullies to bully peers and how victims cope with the way they are being treated by classmates at school.When teens bully, it is likely they are experiencing some sort of personal problem that needs treatment, and those who are victims develop problems that need to be treated. All students who are involved with bullying, regardless of whether they are bullies or victims, need interventions before more serious issues develop. The problems both victims and bullies gift ca n affect society as a completely since they can lead to more violent acts, suicides, and an increase in substance abuse.The more that is known about the issues associated with bullying, the more social workers can do to prevent it and develop better understandings of how to treat bullies and victims. This research will further explore causes of bullying behaviors and the coping mechanisms victims issue. The information gathered can potentially be useful in raising awareness on this topic and for creating new policies on bullying. Conclusion establish on the findings, the following conclusions are given concluded Bullies react aggressively in response to provocation or perceived insults or slights.It is unclear whether their acts of bullying give them pleasure or are just the most effective way they have learned to get what they want from other. Bullying negatively affects both the child being victimized and the child who is the bully. There are always short-term affects and if the bullying is severe enough there can also be long term effects. Children who are bullied can suffer from low self esteem and other emotional problems and children who do the bullying are much more likely to have problems with drugs and alcohol later in life.The victims of bullies often loose self esteem, start having trouble in school, and withdraw from friends and activities. If it is not stopped and continues for long enough, children can suffer these problems permanently. Not being able to understand the harm they do to themselves, psychopathic bullies are particularly dangerous. Bullying should not be taken lightly as it can cause serious problems for all the children involved. Being bullied is a very trying ordeal for children. Many bullying victims are opposed to talk about their experiences making it even harder to help them.Never demonstrate the child just to ignore the bullying. They will feel as if you are just going to ignore it and they should not have bothered to tel l in the first place. Make contact with bullys parents. Often they are unaware of their childs behavior and will want to help work with you to make positive changes. Do not allow your child to hang around empty playgrounds or stay late at school alone. Teach them to always use the buddy system. Sometimes children exhibit certain behaviors that irritate or grow others.If this is the case, help the child to find more suitable ways to interact with friends and peer groups. Bullying will forever plague schools all over the world and it is vital to know ways in which teachers and parents can work together in order to lessen the blow bullying has on society, and keep our children safe and happy. A higher quality of life for students where they can focus on their academics at school rather than on bullies will provide them with less stressful lives and prevent many of the problems, such as depression and suicide, which can oftentimes be linked to childhood violence.Definition of Key Terms * Anxiety a skittish feeling caused by fear that something bad is going to turn over worry. * Buffering a person or thing that reduces a shock or protects somebody or something against difficulties. * Bully a person who uses his or her strength or power to frighten or hurt weaker people. * Bullying is a form of aggressive behavior manifested by the use of force or coercion to affect others, particularly when the behavior is habitual and involves an imbalance of power. * Depression to make somebody sad and without warmth or hope. Detrimental harmful. * Feasible that can be done practical. * Impact a strong effect or impression. * Institution an organization established for social, educational, religious, and so on purposes. * Intervention to become involved in a situation, specially so as to prevent something happening or to try to help somebody. * Recommendation to suggest a course of action to advise something. * School educational institution for pupils up to 19 years of age. Reference/Bibliography Website/Internet * http//www. olweus. rg/public/authors. page * http//www. google. com. ph/url? sa=t&rct=j&q=research%20paper%20about%20bullying&source= weather vane&cd=5&cad=rja&sqi=2&ved=0CGwQFjAE&url=http%3A%2F%2Feportfolios. ithaca. edu%2Fcmoses1%2Fdocs%2Fbullying. doc&ei=bsM1UaT4K4iOiAfv6IHgAg&usg=AFQjCNEwrr4Ecj-700ei_BMFwMutkTIhcA&bvm=bv. 43148975,d. aGc * http//www. slideshare. net/victoriasantos9822924/bullying * http//www. ed. psu. edu/educ/pds/teacher-inquiry/2006/plackek. pdf * http//www. rb. se/eng/Programme/TheUNStudyonViolenceagainstChildren. htmExamining the Consequences of School Bullying and ProvocationBULLYING A Research Paper Presented To Prof. Ma. Victoria R. Protacio City University of Pasay (CUP) In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements For English II Submitted by Ailyn Catolico BPG 1-1 March 4, 2013 Table of Contents Pages I. Acknowledgment 1 II. Introduction 2 III. Body A. The Problem and its Background 4 * Statement of the Problem/Objectives 4 * How does it affect the teaching of the teachers in the future 6 * Why is it the topic important 6 * Implication for Future Teaching 7 * What led them to this research 7B. Compilation of Philippine Laws on Discipline and Punishment of Children 9 * The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines 9 * Rights of the Accused 9 * Court Order for Disciplinary Measures 9 C. Methodology 10 D. Related Literature 11 * Local Literature 11 * Foreign Literature 12 IV. Conclusion 13 V. Definition of terms 15 VI. Reference/Bibliography AcknowledgementThe researchers wishes to express their deepest gratitude to the special people who have extended their assistance for the success of this study The Almighty God, who is the source of life and strength of knowledge and wisdom. To the fellow classmates, for sharing their knowledge and idea in helping the researchers in the construction of the project and for their genuine apprehension, encouragement, patient and guidan ce and whose expertise and knowledge were generously shared. To the beloved parents and guardians for untiring love and support. The Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, this piece of work was heartily offered.Introduction The aim of this research was to determine the bullying and effects of it in classroom. Although it is not always obvious, students are bullied as early as elementary school. Instances of bullying make take place in school, during after-school programs, on the school bus, and in neighborhoods. This research focuses on the occurrence of bullying in classroom. It also focuses on ways to help students cope with the incidents of bullying. The impact of bullying and victimization is assessed by taking into account the relative buffering effect of a positive relationship with one or both parents.Internalizing symptoms such as withdrawn behaviors, somatic complaints, and anxiety and depression. Bullying others directly by hitting, threatening, or calling names is not a significa nt predictor the poor mental and somatic health of youngsters, whereas indirect bullying (spreading rumors or not talking to someone on purpose) does significantly predict anxiety and depression, as well as withdrawn behaviors. The negative impact of victimization and bullying is buffered by youngsters positive relationship with one or both parents.Recommendations are provided with regard to possible intervention strategies underlying the importance of distinguishing between different forms of bullying and victimization and providing social support in each different case. Unfortunately, bullying is an unavoidable part of life for children, but what it is the best way to deal with bullying so that both the bully and the victim can grow from the experience and become better people? Before this question can be answered, it is important to explore every aspect involved with bullying.Specifically, we need to look at everything that bullies do, the way it affects both the victim and the b ully, and exactly how much bullying currently occurs in schools. Bullying is very frequent and since the beginning of time it has plagued schools all over the world. It is a major issue in todays world and is well-worthy of discussion. Most of the time when people think of bullying going on in schools, one generic picture comes to mind a big, scary boy coming along to a younger, punier child and saying, Give me your lunch money dork then the bully proceeds to turn the victim upside down to empty his pockets for lunch money. However, bullying is not always that simple, and there does not necessarily need to be physical violence involved in order for something to be considered bullying. The Problem and its Background Statement of the Problem/Objectives There are different types of bullies that are common in schools today physical bullies, verbal bullies, and relational bullies. Physical bullies are just what they sound like, physical.These types of bullies tend to hit, kick, punch, sh ove, or use any other type of physical exertion of energy towards other. Verbal bullies are the types of bullies that use harsh words such as name-calling, insults, racial comments, or comments about another students physical appearance in order to degrade their victim. Verbal bullying is the most commonly reported type of bullying. Finally, relational bullies will act by singling out their victim from their peer group. This is mostly done by the bully using verbal threats or spreading undesirable rumors about their victims.While these types of bullying are not necessarily the stereotypical pictures that come to mind when thinking about bullies, they are all very serious and can possibly have some serious detrimental effects on both parties involved. This research was to investigate the impact of physical, verbal and social bullying in school, thereby improving the knowledge base and insight of counselors who work with victims of bullying. The study was feasible, as it was within th e financial and practical means of the researcher. This quantitative study endeavored to answer the following research question * What is the impact of bullying in the students? Is bullying in school a normal part of life? * Do the independent variables perceptions of school climate variables and school membership (the school a student attends) have a significant relationship with the students reporting being involved in bullying at all, whether as a bully or as a victim? The problem of bullying at school is a complex problem that emerges from social, physical, institutional and community contexts, as well as the individual characteristics of the students who are bullied and victimized (Swearer & Doll (2001)).A useful framework for understanding bullying is Bronfenbrenners ecological system theory (1979 1993). When the ecological perspective is applied to bullying, a bullying interaction occurs not only because of individual characteristics of the child who is bullying, but also b ecause of actions of peers, teachers and school staff, and physical characteristics of the school environment. How students perceive all these factors will be referred to as school climate in thus study. Families, cultural factors, and even community factors also play a role in the occurrence of the bullying interaction.The ecological system theory, as conceptualized by Bronfenbrenner, has been used to study complex behaviors of children and adolescents. Bronfenbrenners ecological system theory is a useful framework in this study for several reasons. This ecological system theory takes into account that the student is not merely acted upon by the environment. The student is both active and reactive. Strength of framing this study using Bronfenbrenners ecological theory is that it takes into account not just the environment, but students perceptions of the environment.This is important, because it accounts for why two students in similar environments may exhibit wildly different beha viors (Thomas, 1996). In summary, bullying is best conceptualized as intrinsic factors in the student interacting with the social environment, which then serves to reinforce bullying and/or victimization behaviors. Bullying is a serious problem that can dramatically affect the ability of students to progress academically and socially. A comprehensive intervention plan that involves all students, parents, and school staff is required to ensure that all students can learn in a safe and fear-free environment.How does it affect the teaching of the teachers, and how will it affect the teaching of the teachers in the future? One of core beliefs as students is that students need a safe, comfortable environment in order for learning to occur. The researcher feels that if students are being bullied in school and in school-related situations, then their attention is not focused primarily on learning it is divided between academics and concern about negative social situations that are associat ed with schools.In order to create a safe environment where the students can thrive as learners, they have decided to inquire into a phenomenon that often precludes students from thriving bullying. It is their hope and intention that by learning more about the phenomenon of school bullying, they can take measures to prevent bullying in schools. These preventative measures include fostering positive attitudes and empathy in schools to reduce the occurrence of bullying that the students face and teach those coping strategies with which they feel comfortable using when they are bullied.Why is it the topic important? In the past, bullying was considered a part of growing up now, psychologists are warning parents and teachers that bullying is a problem that could result in serious consequences for victims and bullies alike. One reason that bullying is a problem in schools is because people have not changed their thinking from that of the past which bullying is simply a part of growing up, and kids need to learn to deal with it. They want you to believe that if cognitions about bullying were changed, the occurrence of bullying would decrease.They would agree If students attend schools in which bullying behaviors are accepted by adults and peers, it is plausible that they will engage in more of these behaviors. The opposite would likewise be true if students attend a school where bullying is not accepted, then it is possible that there will be fewer occurrence of bullying in that school over time. Implication for Future Teaching From this research, they want you to learned several things about the practice as students.They want you have a good communication between home and school so that parents and teachers understand your beliefs as students and that they feel the schools should be a safe environment in which you can learn. This way, you will feel comfortable sharing your feelings with us and to your parents and teachers, and you will model giving compliments and have your practice giving compliments to your parents in order to help facilitate more frequent use of the compliment and proposal study. You can also try using other activities in the meetings to help the students understand the different aspects of the bullying problem.You can use role play scenarios to give the students the opportunity to practice their responses to bullying situations and to help them understand how it feels to be in the shoes of everyone involved in a bullying situation. They also want you to realize that no matter what school levels we are, it will be important to address these issues as well as other issues such as general community-building and character education in order to guide the students to appropriate social behaviors. What led them to this research?They have been interested in bullying since they heard it in news. They were originally interested in how teachers and school staff helped children to cope with and understand the effects of bullying in schools. In their research for this, they found that many teachers were using similar strategies for coping with bullying. Their interest narrowed down to bullying in schools. The more they earned about bullying, the more interested in it they became because bullying is so embedded in our society that many adults and children do not recognize its many forms.Manifestations of bullying are overt as well as covert. The physical bullying and verbal harassment are considered overt forms of bullying, but bullying also includes covert behaviors such as spreading rumors and social exclusion. At the end of their secondary school, they submitted an honors thesis proposal indicating research topic for senior honors thesis for the High School. They continued to do more research and read books and articles about the topic of bullying. The literature suggests that bullying is a salient problem in the country, ven in elementary school, and it can have negative effects later in life. According t o the article Bullying Facts for schools and parents, bullying is the most common form of violence in our society (Cohn & Canter, 2003, p. 1). Although bullying has negative consequences for everyone involved in a bullying situation, Banks article Bullying in schools states that there is a strong correlation between bullying during school years and having criminal or legal problems in adulthood (1997).As a people who were educated in the Philippines, they can attest to having different types of bullying experiences throughout school, and they believe that most people would admit to experiencing a bullying situation at some point in their life. Considering their position as a secondary high school for the entire year, they realized that not only did they need to think of ways to help children cope with bullying situations in their own lives they needed to also consider ways to prevent it from occurring.After some thinking, they decided that if they could find a way to foster empathy in schools, then the students would feel compassionate toward victims of bullying and come to their aid, as well as not want to bully someone because they can imagine what it must be like to be in that persons shoes. Compilation of Philippine Laws on Discipline and Punishment of Children THE 1987 CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILLIPINES The 1987 Constitution of the Philippines (Constitution) is the supreme written law in the country and it serves as the basic framework for any act or rule of any branch or agency of the government.All laws must comply with its provisions, otherwise it will be declared as void. Hence, it is necessary to refer to the Constitution and examine how it views the development of children in the context of the family and educational institutions. Rights of the Accused The Bill of Rights (Article III, Constitution) enshrines the rights of any person, including children in conflict with the law, under investigation for the commission of an offense. Artic le III, Section 12 specifically prohibits the following 2. No torture, force, violence, threat, intimidations, or any other means hich vitiate the free will shall be used against any person under investigation for the commission of an offense. Secret detention places, solitary, incommunicado, or other similar forms of detention are prohibited. Court Order for Disciplinary Measures As a means of assisting parents in imposing discipline on a child, Article 223 provides that parents or, in their absence or incapacity, the individual, entity or institution exercising parental authority, may file a petition before the proper court of the place where the child resides, for an order providing for disciplinary measures over the child.The article also provides that the child shall be entitled to the assistance of counsel, either of his choice or appointed by the court, and a summary hearing shall be conducted wherein the petitioner and the child shall be heard. The court is authorized to ad opt such other measures as it may deem just and proper, including the commitment of the child childrens homes duly accredited by the proper government agency. Related Literature Upon researching the bullying and how it has become a common issue in schools today, the following literature was found through the search.To address the issue of bullying, the interventions and roles of school counselors need to be considered. In order for this to be done, a clear understanding of how prevalent bullying is, the intervention strategies used, and the roles that school counselors play in this terrifying act needs to be addressed. Local Literature In 2001, the United Nations General Assembly, upon the request of the Committee on the Rights of the Child, called for the conduct of an in-depth study on violence against children through a resolution.The study seeks to provide an in-depth global picture of violence against children as well as propose clear recommendations for the improvement of leg islation, policy, and programmed relating to the prevention of and responses to violence against children. Save the Children UK in the Philippines was greatly involved in the research initiatives of the Alliance on the physical and emotional punishment of children through its Research on the Physical and Emotional Punishment of Filipino Children, which was conducted in Cebu City in the Visayas and in Caloocan City in Metro Manila.The research provides information on (1) What children think about physical punishment (2) The types of punishment inflicted on children (3) The context of punishment (settings such as homes, schools, streets, institutions, and juvenile justice) (4) Who punishes children and why (5) What adults think about physical punishment and discipline and (6) Local means of non-violent conflict resolution, which can be used in programme interventions and advocacy (Save the Children UK, 2006).According to the National Parent Teacher Association (2000) research has show n that effectively engaging parents and families in the education of their children has the potential to be far more transformational than any other type of educational reform. Foreign Literature In October 2004, according to Helen Phillips, San Diego, the age at which kids first fall victim to bullying could influence how strongly they are affected, suggests a new study. And, surprisingly, it is not the youngest kids who are hurt the most in the long term.Bullying can have long-lasting effects, but particularly when it begins in adolescence, the researchers say. People subjected to either verbal or physical bullying are known to be at greater risk for developing depression, anxiety disorders or to behave violently. But not everyone reacts in this way. Children bullied for the first time before they hit puberty seem to get over it, but those are victimized for the first time late on in puberty seem to become more aggressive or are more likely to turn to drink as a means of coping. M uch research has been devoted to the subject of parental involvement and how it affects the lives of children.Major legislation such as the Goals 2000, the Educate American Act and the reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Act (ESEA) have made parental involvement a national priority (Kyle, McIntyre, Miller, & Moore 2002). Methodology This research will address a problem that facing children of all ages this serious issue is bullying. The problem of bullying in schools is an important issue that needs to be further addressed. The specific aspects of bullying that need to be further studied are what causes bullies to bully peers and how victims cope with the way they are being treated by classmates at school.When teens bully, it is likely they are experiencing some sort of personal problem that needs treatment, and those who are victims develop problems that need to be treated. All students who are involved with bullying, regardless of whether they are bullies or victims, n eed interventions before more serious issues develop. The problems both victims and bullies face can affect society as a whole since they can lead to more violent acts, suicides, and an increase in substance abuse.The more that is known about the issues associated with bullying, the more social workers can do to prevent it and develop better understandings of how to treat bullies and victims. This research will further explore causes of bullying behaviors and the coping mechanisms victims issue. The information gathered can potentially be useful in raising awareness on this topic and for creating new policies on bullying. Conclusion Based on the findings, the following conclusions are given concluded Bullies react aggressively in response to provocation or perceived insults or slights.It is unclear whether their acts of bullying give them pleasure or are just the most effective way they have learned to get what they want from other. Bullying negatively affects both the child being v ictimized and the child who is the bully. There are always short-term affects and if the bullying is severe enough there can also be long term effects. Children who are bullied can suffer from low self esteem and other emotional problems and children who do the bullying are much more likely to have problems with drugs and alcohol later in life.The victims of bullies often loose self esteem, start having trouble in school, and withdraw from friends and activities. If it is not stopped and continues for long enough, children can suffer these problems permanently. Not being able to understand the harm they do to themselves, psychopathic bullies are particularly dangerous. Bullying should not be taken lightly as it can cause serious problems for all the children involved. Being bullied is a very stressful ordeal for children. Many bullying victims are reluctant to talk about their experiences making it even harder to help them.Never tell the child just to ignore the bullying. They will feel as if you are just going to ignore it and they should not have bothered to tell in the first place. Make contact with bullys parents. Often they are unaware of their childs behavior and will want to help work with you to make positive changes. Do not allow your child to hang around empty playgrounds or stay late at school alone. Teach them to always use the buddy system. Sometimes children exhibit certain behaviors that irritate or provoke others.If this is the case, help the child to find more suitable ways to interact with friends and peer groups. Bullying will forever plague schools all over the world and it is vital to know ways in which teachers and parents can work together in order to lessen the blow bullying has on society, and keep our children safe and happy. A higher quality of life for students where they can focus on their academics at school rather than on bullies will provide them with less stressful lives and prevent many of the problems, such as depression and suicide, which can oftentimes be linked to childhood violence.Definition of Key Terms * Anxiety a nervous feeling caused by fear that something bad is going to happen worry. * Buffering a person or thing that reduces a shock or protects somebody or something against difficulties. * Bully a person who uses his or her strength or power to frighten or hurt weaker people. * Bullying is a form of aggressive behavior manifested by the use of force or coercion to affect others, particularly when the behavior is habitual and involves an imbalance of power. * Depression to make somebody sad and without enthusiasm or hope. Detrimental harmful. * Feasible that can be done practical. * Impact a strong effect or impression. * Institution an organization established for social, educational, religious, etc. purposes. * Intervention to become involved in a situation, especially so as to prevent something happening or to try to help somebody. * Recommendation to suggest a course of action to advise something. * School educational institution for pupils up to 19 years of age. Reference/Bibliography Website/Internet * http//www. olweus. rg/public/authors. page * http//www. google. com. ph/url? sa=t&rct=j&q=research%20paper%20about%20bullying&source=web&cd=5&cad=rja&sqi=2&ved=0CGwQFjAE&url=http%3A%2F%2Feportfolios. ithaca. edu%2Fcmoses1%2Fdocs%2Fbullying. doc&ei=bsM1UaT4K4iOiAfv6IHgAg&usg=AFQjCNEwrr4Ecj-700ei_BMFwMutkTIhcA&bvm=bv. 43148975,d. aGc * http//www. slideshare. net/victoriasantos9822924/bullying * http//www. ed. psu. edu/educ/pds/teacher-inquiry/2006/plackek. pdf * http//www. rb. se/eng/Programme/TheUNStudyonViolenceagainstChildren. htm

Unemployment

Donuts starting business in genus genus genus Argentina Till Penitence International line of descent Bachelors Thesis Supervisor Joan Aloofer School of Business Bachelors Degree Program in International Business Nickel Campus Introduction Dunking Donuts is an American global coffee r distributively based in Massachusetts, U. S. Its also known for its doughnuts. Dunking Donuts has positioned itself as a high quality provided still affordable fast-food outlet with full-day dining opportunities. Dunking Donuts was founded by William Rosenberg in 1948, but its name was first Open Kettle.After one year name was changed to Kettle Donuts and in 1950 many adapted Dunking Donuts as its name. Nowadays Dunking Donuts is one of the guide coffee chain brands with over 11,000 restaurants all over the world. Dunking Donuts was long time known mainly in America but in recent decades it has been first step cafes all around the world, operating now in 33 different countries it serves daily over 3 million customers. Dunking Donuts bedevil a great variety of different products, for instance 52 different donuts and over dozen different b eerages. Dunking Donuts.Dunking Donuts got new owners in 2006 and those new owners outlined an exceedingly pushful growth strategy, for example, theyre move to triple the size of Dunking Donuts in next ten years. (M and S, 2009 http// news. Dunderheads. Com, 2014) Argentina is one of the largest South American countries with commonwealth over 40 million. Its population is still growing, but fairly slowly because of the steadily declining birth rate. Argentinas border countries are Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay. Argentina has been a big country of immigration during its history it has been attracting in particular people from Italy and Spain. Wry. Counterparts. Org n. D. ) During its history Argentina has faced a lot of efficient issues Argentina was one time one of the wealthiest countries in the world, but it has be en facing several economical downsides. Though the country has since been recovering pretty well, the pace of growth is disappointing Argentina is now lagging behind most other emerging economies. (http//economic. Blobs. Anytime. Com/ 2009 http// atmosphere. Com/, n. D. ) In this paper Ill be discussing about Dunking Donuts motivations for entering Argentina.Ill be using the PESTLE exemplar, which includes political, economical, hearty, technological, legal and environmental aspects f the business context. Political one in 1976. Elections in 1989 meant that first time in 60 years, on that point was a civil chairperson in the country. Nowadays there isnt a threat of military coups, but the democracy hasnt reach a stabile phase. (The Economist, 2014) (The Global Economy. Com, 2012) Christina Fernando De Kerchief has been a president in Argentina for nearly seven years. She represents the Statistics Party, which is one of the largest political parties in Argentina.Although there are two major parties in the congress of Argentina, there are all in all over 31 different political blocs. That makes having consensus extremely difficult. (www. Subcategories. Org/, n. D. ) Because of the big economical crisis in the beginning of 21st century, there was a period of civil unrest and rioting in Argentina. Reason for the uprising was president Fernando De la Ra who failed to save Argentina from third year of recession heart and soul class started to upraise against him and his politics. in that respect was a major social unrest growing because of the growing unemployment grade.The crisis peaked on November 29, 2001 , when Argentines outdraw millions of dollars and pesos from their bank accounts. Argentina actually had five presidents in Just two weeks in 2001. Www. En. Wisped. Org, n. D. ) degeneracy is a major problem in politics too. All from the president to lower power players have been included in corruption crises, which is the reason why Argentina is ran ked at 10th in Corruption Index behind countries like Mexico and Greece. (http//polycrystalline. Org, 2012) Political situation in Argentina isnt stabile or even near it.Corruption is a major problem and as Argentina is missing of political consensus, starting business might be something to think once again. ECONOMIC 100 years ago Argentina actually had the fifth- largest economy in the world. But after overall unstable policies and governments Argentina is far away from the largest economies nowadays. During the pull through few decades Argentinean have been facing many economical swings, all the way from financial crisis and hyperinflation to recession and boom periods. Last major downside was in the 2001-2002, when everything from unemployment rates to criminal peaked. (Wry. Domesticate. Mom, Only way to survive even somehow from the crisis in 2001 was to default and devalue. It has been said that it might have been the most responsible thing ever in Argentinas history. It di d limit Argentinas growth because defaulting cut it from the Actually Argentina has been recovering pretty well the past 13 years from one of its history hardest economical crises. Its GAP growth has been pretty high especially before the international financial crises. (Wry. Marketing. Com, 2012) Even though Argentina has been recovering fairly well, its future doesnt appear to be as bright as it could be.High unemployment and inflation rates are likely to complicate future growth. And this summer 2014, Argentina defaulted once again. The situation isnt that bad as 2002 as there are still ongoing discussions with banks about shoring up the situation. Http//Americanizes. Saturdays. Com, 2014) Political and economical situation are walking commit in hand as we speak about Argentina. Both are pretty instable, with their ups and downs. At the moment entering to Argentinas markets might not be the go around choice. Situation might be better after a few years as the international fin ancial crisis is, or at least hopefully is getting better.SOCIAL Argentina is one of the most urbanize South American countries with several metropolitan areas. Greater Buenos Aries metropolitan area is one of the largest urban areas in the world there are over 13 million people. Argentinas arbitration percent is over 90% and it has been growing by 1% each year, so its actually the most urbanize country in Southern America. (HTTPS//www. CIA. Gob, 2014) As the birth rate has been declining, Argentinas growth of population hasnt been so rapid in recent years. Also because of that same reason, amount of inhabitants under 15 years has been shrinking.But fortunately population in ages 15-24 is nowadays largest in Argentinas history. Thanks to that, the working-age population is at the moment very high and will also stay like that pretty long. The amount of working-age population makes it possible for Argentina to have some lovable of economic progress in future. (HTTPS//www. CIA. Gob, 2014) Total population by age group and sex, 2010 and 2050 (http//superintendence. Org, 2014) Argentinas education system is mandatory from age 5 to 17, which is one reason why the total adult literacy rate is 97,9%.Nominally university studies are tuition free and open for everyone, but hidden costs of education are often high, which causes that students accept to have a full- time Job while theyre studying. (http// en. Wisped. Org, n. D. ) Argentina actually has one of the highest university drop- out eats. This might cause problems someday, because Argentina will lose actuate and energetic people Just because they cant finish their degrees in universities. (http//en. Wisped. Org, n. D. ) Food culture is very big in Argentina.Thanks to the immigrants from Europe, European food is popular in Argentina especially Spanish and Italian cuisine. Argentinean consumes the second biggest amounts of beef in the world as its considered to be the national food in Argentina. Also drink a drink called mate, which is a caffeine- infused drink, is very popular in Argentina. All in all the cafe culture is gig in Argentina, people are group meeting at cafes for a cup of mate or an espresso. Cafes are the heart and soul of urban culture in Argentina those are places where people meet each other to discuss, watch soccer and socialize. (http//www. Vermiculite. Mom, n. D) Argentina used to have a very large middle class, but because of the recent downsides in the economics, a big part of the former middle- class people is now heading into poverty. Poverty in Argentina varies loosely according to region and provinces. Situations in the northern Argentina have been the worst. Nowadays the poverty rate is about 20% in average. Unemployment rate in Argentina has been extremely high something near 20% when the economical situation was in its worst in the beginning of 21st century. In those times especially working-class people and indigenous people were suffering of unemplo yment.Nowadays unemployment rate stands between 7 8%. (http//www. Tragicomedies. Com, 2014 http// en. Merciless. Com, 2014) All in all from a social aspect entering Argentina wouldnt be that bad decision. As the cafe culture is strong, a coffee chain brand like Dunking Donuts would probably be successful in Argentina. Cheap prices and cafe culture would make it possible. Of course it would be important for Dunking Donuts to think carefully to which regions to enter as economic situation in northerly parts has been challenging. Technological Argentina has a long history and tradition of technology and science.Also the public support for research and development (R&D) has been intensifying in the last decades. Argentina got loan for $24 in 2013 to fund scholarships for masters degrees and doctoral studies, and another loan for $200 to increase investments in innovation, research and development to improve competitiveness. There is actually a science and technology complex in Buenos A ries. Http//www. Dab. Org, 2011) development and expand its knowledge in science and technological development. Argentina is considered to have a great knowledge in biotechnology and thats actually one of the fields that Argentina is having cooperation with U.S. (http// Argentina. Assembles. Gob, n. D) In the recent years there has been growth in the IT vault of heaven in Argentina, mainly thanks to U. S based companies that has been exploring the talent available in other countries such as Argentina, India and Israel. U. S companies have been extremely interested in Argentinas large number of well-trained engineers and advantages in outsourcing to Argentina. Technological and science situation in Argentina is highly positive. It is also expected to have a boost in near future because of the increasing amount of investments.Dunking Donuts shouldnt have a problem with technological aspect in Argentina highly educated people, investments and evince support are positive things. (Wr y. Marketing. Com, 2011) LEGAL Argentinean public confidence in Judiciary is fairly low because of the high level of corruption. The population in Argentina is pretty skeptical about the power of the judicial system to control crime, and theyre seeing the police to be a part of the rime problems in Argentina. (http//www. Vermiculite. Com, n. D. ) outside(prenominal) investors have equal rights as the domestic investors to own business in Argentina.But because of the high rate of corruption among the high players, foreign companies prefer to include money for private rather than deal with Argentinas courts. According to the World Bank and International Finance Corporation Enterprise Survey (2010), senior managers in Argentina have faced some problems and difficulties with the requirements of government regulations. Recently these kinds of regulations have been related to import and foreign exchange restrictions. Wry. Liberated. Com, 2011) As Dunking Donuts rely mostly on franchisin g, Argentinas legal framework related to franchising is good for Dunking Donuts.The parties can together reach agreements without any governmental intervention. The law doesnt specifically regulate these agreements theyre called UN-nominated agreements. Franchising is an exception in Argentina among notary publics ordinarily there are always specific formalities or registration requirements. (HTTPS//www. Waynesboro. Com, n. D. ) The main problem in Argentinas legal situation is related to corruption and problems that its causing. Courts arent so trusted and police is considered to be one of the reasons for high crime rates.As the corruption has been increasing lately, Dunking Environmental Environmental issues in Argentina are typical for ontogenesis countries poor water and air quality, deforestation, and soil degradation. However there are many authorities that are trying to make things better. Also the government is trying to influence environmental issues Argentina made a pled ge with Paraguay to save one of the most menace forests. Two governments agreed to work towards zero give the axe deforestation in the Atlantic Forest. For instance Argentina will implement new land- use plans that are hoped to protect 1. 1 million hectares of the forest.There is also an environmental education program included in Argentinas primary and secondary education. The main reason for the environmental education program is to teach people some environmental awareness from the early ages. (http//WFM. Panda. Org/) (Wry. Marketing. Com, 2011 Poor water is probably one of the biggest problems in Argentina there are several areas in Argentina that are lacking of non-polluted drinking water. Theres still 11% of the population lacking without piped water. Buenos Aries has spent all of its aquifers and is now relying on the river ROI De La Plat to supply water needs.Unfortunately that river is threatened by significant pollution. Recently people in Argentina have been putting pr essure on the government because of the poor condition of the countrys water supply. (http//www. Disheartening. Com, 2011 (http// www. Observational. Org/) Dunking Donuts states in its corporate social responsibility We are dedicated to serving the basic needs of our local communities from providing food for the hungry and support for childrens health and wellness, to ensuring our spinsterhood are riskless and secure and We recognize that everything we do has an impact on the environment.

Summaries of Outsourcing Works

Summary 1 2 In their article Outscouring Types, Relative Wages, and the exact for Skilled Workers New Evidence from the U. S. Manufacturing Aekapol Chongvilaivan, Jung Hur and Yohanes E. Ryianto analyse the continues of outsourcing on relative wages of flying proletarians. The concept of outsourcing implies that firms contract out some level of production in the vertical chain of production. The authors claims that there is a relationship between outsourcing personas and relative wages of skilled and unskilled role players.In fact, the researchers thesis claim that downriver materials and service outsourcing atomic number 18 influenced by worker skill, while upstream materials outsourcing is not. First, the authors divide the concept of outsourcing in three categories. The first type consist of upstream material outsourcing. A firm doing so will outsource the production of stimulations for a good. The second type consists of downstream production in which firms outsource th e production of the final product. The third type consists of service outsourcing areas such as communications, accounting, auditing , bookkeeping and computer operate.The authors explain that each type require different levels of skills for labour. Therefore, they do not have the same impact on demand for skilled labour. Before conducting their call for, the authors reviewed previous books on the topic. An influential study to the authors research is one written by Blum in 2007. This reviewed literature showed that shifts of structures in the economy industries could explain the rising wages for skilled workers. Another influential literature studied by the researchers is one study conducted by Amiti and Weu (2006).This study evaluated the impacts of contracting out on the productivity in the United-States. Amiti and Weu (2006) explain that if firms are able to internationally fragment the inefficient parts of their production process by outsourcing, they can then specialise in the part of the production process in which they have comparative advantage locally. The study conducted by Manufacturing Aekapol Chongvilaivan, Jung Hur and Yohanes E. Ryianto differs from previous ones because of their characteristic between skilled and unskilled worker.Another distinguishing aspect of the research is the division of upstream and downstream outsourcing as different categories . Instead of using a panel discipline analysis researchers used a cross industry analysis. In order to conduct their research on impact of outsourcing on relative wages, the authors have retrieved their information from various data sources. The first one is the 2002 Annual survey of Manufactures(ASM). This source offered authors information on wages and employment of the skilled and unskilled workers across the manufacturing sector.Researchers also used the 2002 economic census as a data source where they got the cost and production structure of manufacturing firms and also their use of capital and services. To measure the employment share of skilled workers the authors used a short run cost function based on the Brown and Christensen(1981 model). To measure downstream and upstream outsourcing impacts on relative wages, researchers scattered skill wage share with different logarithm of elements of production.As for results, authors give that if import share is not significant on wage gap between skilled and unskilled workers. Researchers found a negative relationship between capitals and the relative demand for skilled workers. The authors also play that larger industries have higher wage share of skilled workers. This can be due to their cost advantage as a firm. Researchers also found that material outsourcing show the way to a decline in the overall productivity of labour in the short. Consequently, the efficiency of has a positive impact on relative wages.The authors show that downstream materials and service outsourcing have a positive impact on the wages o f skilled workers relative to those of unskilled workers. Researchers also showed that upstream material outsourcing has a negative impact on relative wages of workers. The authors conclude by claiming that technology is influenced by skill in the manufacturing sector. Summary 2 Hartmut Egger and Peter Egger are authors of International outsourcing and the productivity of low-skilled labor in the EU.Their article shows the relationships between outsourcing and the productivity of low skilled labor. For their work, the authors claim that in the short run outsourcing has a minor negative effect on contributions of workers. They estimate that in the long run however, that outsourcing has a positive impact on real value added per worker. The researchers relied on previous studies conducted by Feenstra and Hanson to structure their study. Feenstra and Hansons article studied the effects of offshoring and outsourcing on the labor market in the U.S. other influential studies used by aut hors studied the trade relationship of the E. U with developing countries. For their study, the researchers used various source of data to analyze the relationship of outsourcing and worker productivity. First, authors referred to the sources New Cronos (Eurostats) and Stan (OECD) to obtain numbers on productivity per worker, real gross production, employment and education in the European Union. Also, to measure the concept of outsourcing researchers used EU-output input tables.Finally, the authors used data from the UN data on intermediate goods trade. The data sets chosen by researchers were computed using translog functions and CES functions. CES refers to constant elasticity of substitution a function that take complex production or utility functions. Such functions offer simulation of the outsourcing effect on the average productivity of labor. The calculations where based on three primary(prenominal) characteristic assumptions. The first being that outsourcing moves part of the production to other countries economies and markets.Secondly, by maximizing their surplus firms want to adjust their factor employment. Thirdly, the difference between the short-run and the long run effects of contracting out may be increased due to flaws in markets. More firms may have the incentive to oppose to competing companies outsourcing. After analyzing data with functions researchers made the following findings The first relates to outsourcing seems to make use of a significant negative effect on low skill worker productivity. Their research showed that.Also, researchers demonstrated that in the long run outsourcing had a positive effect on the productivity of low skilled labor. The difference between the short-run and the long-run effects of international outsourcing may be magnified by product market imperfections. The authors conclude their work by claiming that low-skilled labor productivity growing in the European industries in the short run was mainly stimulate d by the change in physical capital stocks and skill upgrading rather than atomization of production across borders.